Carcinogens are substances, environments, or exposures that can lead to cancer by altering cellular processes. These cancer-causing agents may be naturally occurring, synthetic, or a combination of both. Carcinogens, irrespective of their origin, can lead to the development of DNA damage through a variety of mechanisms. Knowing about common carcinogens can help you make informed lifestyle choices and adopt preventive measures.
There are a large number of carcinogenic hazards, including tobacco use and alcohol consumption, infectious agents, obesity, diet, radiation, solar radiation, and air pollution.
10 Carcinogens in Our Daily Lives
Let us have a look at 10 common carcinogens and how to reduce their exposure.
Tobacco Smoke
Tobacco smoke contains over 70 known carcinogens, including benzene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Several forms of cancer are known to be caused by tobacco products.
Tobacco use has been linked to at least 20 types of cancer, some of which are mentioned below:
- Lung cancer
- Cancer of the oral cavity
- Cancer of the nasal cavity and accessory sinuses
- Stomach cancer
- Pancreatic cancer
- Liver cancer
- kidney (body and pelvis) cancer
- Bladder cancer
- Acute myeloid leukemia
How to Avoid: Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke exposure.
Alcohol Consumption
Alcoholic beverages contain numerous carcinogenic compounds, but the majority of the risk is due to ethanol. In 2016, alcohol consumption was one of the leading risk factors for cancer development and cancer death globally, causing an estimated 376,200 cancer deaths, representing 4.2% of all cancer deaths.
Alcohol consumption is associated with the development of cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma), colon, rectum, liver, intrahepatic bile duct, larynx, and female breast.
How to Avoid: Limit alcohol consumption or avoid it altogether.
Sunlight and Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
Globally, the cases of skin cancers are increasing, especially in older people. UV rays from the sun and tanning beds can also damage DNA in skin cells. UV rays can cause skin cancers, including melanoma.
How to Avoid: The most effective way to reduce skin cancer incidence is to avoid unnecessary sun exposure and adopt personal preventive measures for protection from sunlight, such as wearing a hat and protective clothing, applying sunscreen, and using shade. Minimize the time spent outdoors between the hours of 9 AM and 3 PM as during this period the intensity of sunlight is the strongest.
Processed Meats
Consumption of processed meat is carcinogenic to humans. It contains nitrates and nitrites that can convert into carcinogenic compounds during digestion. Stomach and colorectal cancer have been associated with the consumption of processed meat.
How to Avoid: Limit your intake of red and processed meat to decrease the risk of stomach and colorectal cancer. Opt for fresh or minimally processed proteins.
Air Pollution
Air pollution (indoor or outdoor) is the most important contributor to the environmental cancer burden. According to estimates, air pollution alone caused 350,167 lung cancer deaths globally in 2017. It includes harmful particles and gases like benzene and diesel exhaust, which can damage lung tissue.
How to Avoid: Use air purifiers, avoid exercising near heavy traffic, and advocate for cleaner energy sources.
Asbestos
Asbestos is an important contributor to indoor air pollution. Fibers can be inhaled, causing damage to lung tissues over time. The majority of mesothelioma cases worldwide are due to occupational asbestos exposure.
How to Avoid: Limit exposure by hiring professionals for asbestos removal in older buildings and wearing protective gear in high-risk occupations.
Arsenic
Water can be polluted by naturally occurring carcinogenic contaminants such as arsenic. Contamination of water by arsenic may cause lung cancer, bladder cancer, and skin cancer.
How to Avoid: Use water filtration systems and avoid using arsenic-based pesticides.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), notably HPV types 16, 18, 31, and 45 is estimated to cause all cases of cervical cancer.
HPV is responsible for all cervical cancer cases globally (570,000 cases) and a variable proportion of cases of other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers (totaling 120,000 cases).
How to Avoid: Get vaccinated, practice safe sex, and undergo regular screenings.
Radon Gas
Although radon gases are considered to be occupational carcinogens, naturally occurring radioactive gas can also accumulate in homes. Exposure to radon is associated with lung cancer.
How to Avoid: Test homes for radon levels and install mitigation systems if necessary.
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is mainly used in building materials and household products. Exposure to formaldehyde can occur through inhalation and may lead to nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia.
How to Avoid: Choose formaldehyde-free furniture and products, and ensure proper ventilation in homes and workplaces.
How to Reduce Your Risk of These Carcinogens?
While exposure to some carcinogens is unavoidable, many risks can be minimized with proactive measures. Here are general tips:
- Maintain a healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.
- Stay physically active and manage your weight.
- Avoid known carcinogens and follow safety protocols in high-risk environments.
- Get regular health screenings for early detection.
Conclusion
Understanding common carcinogens and their impacts is vital for cancer prevention. By taking steps to limit exposure and adopting a healthier lifestyle, you can reduce your risk and contribute to long-term well-being. Stay informed and prioritize preventive measures for a healthier future.
FAQs
Who lists carcinogens?
The primary organizations responsible for identifying and classifying carcinogens are the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP).
What are the top 10 causes of cancer?
While the exact ranking can vary, the top 10 causes of cancer generally include tobacco use, infections, alcohol consumption, air pollution, radiation exposure, occupational exposures, diet and physical activity, obesity, certain inherited genetic factors, and environmental pollutants.
What is the most common carcinogen?
Tobacco smoke is widely considered the most common carcinogen, significantly contributing to various types of cancer, including lung, throat, and bladder cancers.
Is tobacco a carcinogen?
Yes, tobacco is a well-established carcinogen. It contains numerous harmful chemicals that increase the risk of various cancers.
What carcinogens are in our food?
While most of our food is safe, some potential carcinogens can be present in certain foods or food additives. These include aflatoxins, acrylamide, nitrates, and nitrites, pesticides and herbicides, etc.