The medical and surgical treatment of the eyes is the focus of the specialty of ophthalmology. Only ophthalmologists are medically qualified to oversee the whole spectrum of eye and vision treatment. They can perform surgeries, distribute drugs, diagnose and treat eye ailments and diseases, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and more.

There are sub-specializations that physicians can master. The most common sub-specializations include the following:

Pediatric Ophthalmology: for dealing with eye disorders of infants and young children including strabismus (misaligned eyes)

Neuro-Ophthalmology: deals with vision disorders caused by nervous system problems, specifically the brain

Ophthalmic Pathology: involves the diagnosis of neoplastic eye condition (also known as surgical pathology or surgical ophthalmology). Ocular oncology, a sub-specialization focused mainly on eye tumors and cancer of the eye or its parts.

Ophthalmology has multiple procedures for multiple ailments. With the advancement in medical science, the ophthalmologists have discovered newer and minimally invasive methods to cure the patients at utmost.

Pneumatic Retinopexy: Retinal detachment is treated with pneumatic surgery, a non-incisional procedure. The ophthalmic surgeon performs this surgery by inserting a gas bubble into the center of the eye.

Scleral Buckle: A surgical procedure called a scleral buckle is used to treat different types of retinal detachments. The retina is flattened and fractures are closed with this method.

Corneal Cross: Linking Process: The cornea can be straightened using this procedure. It involves very little physical contact. UV radiation and eye drops are used by the surgeon during this procedure to straighten the corneal collagen fiber. 

Corneal Inlays: A surgical procedure called a corneal inlay is used to correct presbyopia. The illness known as presbyopia causes a loss in vision for close-up objects due to the lens's diminished ability to change shape.

Radial Keratotomy: It is the oldest and successful technique which is performed for the treatment of myopia. In myopia, the distance object appears blurry.

Goniotomy: It is the surgery used to treat glaucoma and is considered as minimally invasive surgery. In this surgery, the surgeon makes an opening in the trabecular meshwork.