Skin cancer is often thought of as a disease that primarily impacts older adults, attributed to years of accumulated sun damage. However, this misconception can be dangerously misleading. Skin cancer in children and teens is rare, but it is not unheard of. The reality is that skin cancer is becoming more prevalent among children and teenagers, even if it remains relatively rare compared to adult cases. With the rise of lifestyle changes, increased exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and tanning practices among teens, it is more important than ever for parents to recognize the risks, learn the warning signs, and implement preventive measures.
Parents have a pivotal role in both the early detection and prevention of skin cancer in their children. By raising awareness about the realities of this disease in younger populations, debunking the notion that it only affects older adults, and sharing actionable steps to safeguard young skin, we can create a more informed and proactive community. Together, we can ensure that children and adolescents are protected from harmful UV exposure and thus from skin cancer.
Types of Skin Cancer in Young People
Children and teens can develop the same types of skin cancer seen in adults, but the presentation may differ.
Melanoma
This is the most dangerous and potentially deadly form of skin cancer. It originates in the melanocytes (cells that produce pigment). Although pediatric melanoma is rare, it can grow quickly and metastasize if not caught early.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
BCC is the most common form of skin cancer but less aggressive than melanoma. It generally appears as pearly or waxy bumps and is more prevalent in fair-skinned children who have had excessive sun exposure.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
This type usually appears as scaly, red patches or open sores. It is uncommon in children but may occur in those with underlying immune system issues or excessive UV exposure.
While these types resemble those found in adults, pediatric skin cancer may be harder to diagnose due to atypical presentations, making it all the more important for parents to remain vigilant.
Is Skin Cancer in Children and Teens Possible?
Absolutely. While it is less common than in adults, skin cancer can and does occur in individuals under 18. Although cases of pediatric melanoma are rarely observed and only 2-3% of melanoma incidence occurs in children, its risks should not be understated. With time, the risk of developing melanoma increases, and 85% of patients are reported to be under 20 years, with mostly between 15 and 19 years of age.
The incidence of skin cancer is a growing global health concern, particularly for adolescents and children who frequently engage in outdoor activities and sports. Sun exposure is reported to be highest for individuals under the age of 21 and 25-50% of UV exposure happens before age 60 and during childhood. In fact, children can receive up to three times the amount of UV exposure that adults do each year. This highlights the urgent need for effective protection during these crucial developmental years to potentially reduce the future risk of skin cancer.
Early Warning Signs of Skin Cancer That Parents Should Watch For
Early detection of skin cancer significantly improves its chances of cure. Parents should routinely examine their child’s skin for unusual changes. Here’s what to look out for:
- Changes in moles
- New growths or lesions that don’t heal
- Unusual discoloration or asymmetry
Parents the ABCDE rule to detect potential melanoma:
- A – Asymmetry: One half is unlike the other
- B – Border: Irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined edges
- C – Color: Varying shades of brown, black, or even red and blue
- D – Diameter: Larger than 6mm (about the size of a pencil eraser)
- E – Evolving: Changes in size, shape, or color
Any of these signs warrant a visit to a dermatologist, especially if the lesion bleeds, itches, or grows rapidly.
Major Causes and Risk Factors of Skin Cancer
Understanding what puts children and teens at risk of skin cancer is key to effective prevention.
- A genetic or family history of melanoma or other skin cancers increases a child’s risk.
- Just one blistering sunburn in childhood can double the risk of developing melanoma later in life.
- Tanning beds emit UVA and UVB rays, both of which are linked to skin cancer. Their use is strongly discouraged, especially in teenagers.
- Children with fair skin, light eyes, and freckles burn easily and are more vulnerable to UV damage.
How is Skin Cancer Diagnosed in Children?
If a suspicious spot is noticed, the diagnostic process typically includes:
- Physical Exam and Medical History: The doctor will review the child’s history and examine the lesion closely.
- Dermatoscopy/Dermoscopy: This non-invasive tool magnifies the lesion and provides better visibility of its characteristics.
- Skin Biopsy: If the lesion looks suspicious, a small sample will be taken and examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.
- Second Opinions: Given the rarity and complexity of pediatric skin cancers, a second opinion may help confirm the diagnosis and guide the treatment journey.
Though rare, skin cancer in kids can be aggressive and requires prompt medical attention.
Treatment of Skin Cancer in Children and Teens
The stage and type of skin cancer will dictate the treatment approach.
Surgical Excision
Surgical excision is the most common skin cancer treatment and involves removing the tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is often performed for treating tough skin cancers because it saves more healthy tissue and allows doctors to check the cancer margins while still in surgery.
Topical Treatments
For superficial skin cancers, your dermatologist may prescribe creams like imiquimod or 5-fluorouracil.
Radiation or Chemotherapy
Radiation or chemotherapy are rare in pediatric cases but may be required for advanced or metastatic melanoma.
Psychosocial Impact
Skin cancer treatment can be emotionally challenging for a child. Teens may struggle with self-image issues due to scars or changes in appearance. Parents should help their children by getting them support from psychologists, counselors, and cancer support groups.
Cancer Prevention Tips
Here are some actionable tips to protect your child from skin cancer:
- Apply Sunscreen Daily: Use SPF 40 or higher, even on cloudy days.
- Reapply Sunscreen Every 2 Hours: Especially after swimming or sweating.
- Dress for Protection: Hats, sunglasses, and UV-protective clothing help shield sensitive skin.
- Avoid Peak UV Hours: Stay indoors or in the shade between 10 AM and 4 PM.
- Educate Your Child: Teach your child the importance of sun safety and help them develop good habits early.
- Annual Skin Checks: A yearly visit to a dermatologist can help catch issues early.
One great example of raising awareness about skin cancer prevention was observed in Germany in 2010. Due to the rising cases of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers in adolescents, Germany introduced the SunPass program. The aim of the program was:
- to reduce UV exposure in early childhood,
- raise awareness of sun exposure among educators, and
- reduce skin cancer incidences in the long term.
A total of 50,000 guardians, 40,000 children, and 2,500 kindergarten educators completed the program from 2019 to 2021. The program included lectures, inspections, certifications, and awards. These all were quantified by a survey before and after completion. The SunPass program increased the awareness of skin cancer and its prevention possibilities.
Other countries where skin cancer is more prevalent among children and teens can also conduct such programs to raise awareness and thus prevent skin cancer.
Emotional and Psychological Support
Being diagnosed with cancer is traumatic at any age, more so for a child or teen. Parents should focus not only on physical treatment but also on the following:
- Offer Open Communication: Let your child express their fears and emotions.
- Engage Support Groups: These offer both emotional comfort and practical advice.
- Counseling Services: Therapists can help children process their diagnosis and treatment.
- Work With Schools: Inform teachers and staff to accommodate the child’s medical needs.
When to See a Dermatologist?
Parents should consult a dermatologist in case of the following:
- A mole or spot changes in size, color, or shape
- A painful, itchy, or bleeding lesion
- There’s a family history of skin cancer
For a more tailored approach, look for dermatologists who specialize in pediatric dermatology. Ask questions such as:
- What kind of skin cancer is this?
- What stage is it?
- What are the treatment options?
- What can we expect in terms of recovery?
To Conclude
Skin cancer in children and teens may be rare, but it is not unheard of. With early detection, treatment success rates are extremely high. Parents must be proactive in monitoring their child’s skin, encouraging sun-safe habits, and seeking medical attention for any concerning signs.
By fostering a culture of sun-smart parenting, we can significantly reduce the risk of skin cancer and safeguard the health of the next generation. Schedule your child’s skin check today because prevention starts with awareness.
Consult EdhaCare, if you are looking for skin cancer treatment in India for you or your loved ones. From visa assistance to getting appointments from the top dermatologists, we will help you in each and every step of your treatment journey.