Fetal Cardiology

Congenital heart defects, the primary focus of fetal cardiology, have multifactorial causes. Key contributors include:

• Genetic Factors: Inherited genetic abnormalities or mutations can impact fetal heart development, increasing the risk of congenital heart defects.
• Chromosomal Abnormalities: Conditions such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, or DiGeorge syndrome involve chromosomal anomalies that may lead to heart defects.
• Maternal Health Factors: Certain maternal health conditions, such as diabetes, lupus, or phenylketonuria (PKU), can elevate the risk of congenital heart defects in the fetus.
• Environmental Factors: Exposure to teratogenic substances, infections, or certain medications during pregnancy can adversely affect fetal heart development.
• Advanced Maternal Age: Older maternal age is associated with a higher risk of congenital heart defects in the offspring.
• Drug or Substance Use: Use of certain medications, alcohol, or illicit substances during pregnancy may contribute to fetal heart abnormalities.
• Infections: Maternal infections, especially during the first trimester, can pose a risk to fetal heart development.
• Radiation Exposure: High levels of radiation exposure, such as in certain medical procedures, may increase the likelihood of congenital heart defects.

Fetal cardiology involves specialized procedures to assess the developing fetal heart, diagnose abnormalities, and plan appropriate interventions. Here's an overview of the key procedures in fetal cardiology:

• Fetal Echocardiography: This ultrasound-based imaging technique provides detailed images of the fetal heart's structure and function. It allows for early detection of congenital heart defects and helps guide subsequent management.
• Doppler Studies: Doppler ultrasound assesses blood flow in the fetal heart and surrounding vessels. Abnormal blood flow patterns may indicate potential heart defects or complications, guiding the medical team in planning appropriate interventions.
• Fetal Electrocardiography (ECG): In some cases, fetal ECG may be used to monitor the electrical activity of the fetal heart. This can provide additional information about the heart's rhythm and conduction system.
• Amniocentesis or Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): These prenatal tests may be performed to analyze the fetal chromosomes and detect genetic abnormalities that could contribute to heart defects. Genetic information aids in comprehensive diagnosis and counseling.
• Interventional Procedures: In certain cases, fetal cardiology may involve interventions such as fetal cardiac catheterization or other in utero procedures. These interventions aim to address specific heart conditions or to prevent complications that may arise before or after birth.